Next consider the duty of loyalty. The previous discussion assumed that Facebook would not breach its duty of loyalty simply by serving targeted ads for consumer products in return for free services. In part, that is because people more or less expect that Facebook will serve them ads based on the data it collects. But when Facebook departs from these consumer expectations to benefit itself to the disadvantage of its end users, it may breach its duty of loyalty. The problem arises when Facebook uses the data in unexpected ways that people would find offensive and a breach of trust. The problem is exacerbated when Facebook shares data with third parties without adequate controls over use and disclosure, or when Facebook allows third parties access to its end users by having end users sign in to third-party applications through their Facebook accounts. It is one thing for Facebook to serve you ads for shampoo; it is quite another for Facebook to hand your data off to third parties who have no qualms about manipulating you.
On August 5, 2022, Twitter disclosed that a bug introduced in a June 2021 update to the service allowed threat actors to link email addresses and phone numbers to twitter user's accounts.[322][323] The bug was reported through Twitter's bug bounty program in January 2022 and subsequently fixed. While Twitter originally believed no one had taken advantage of the vulnerability, it was later revealed that a user on the online hacking forum Breached Forums had used the vulnerability to compile a list of over 5.4 million user profiles, which they offered to sell for $30,000.[324][325] The information compiled by the hacker includes user's screen names, location and email addresses which could be utilised in phishing attacks or used to deanonymize accounts running under pseudonyms.
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Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (hydrogen peroxide and the superoxide and hydroxyl radicals) occurs upon reperfusion following bypass, 376and these may be important contributors to tissue injury. Leukocytes activated during bypass may also release substantial amounts of cytotoxic ROS. 96,97When present in equimolar concentrations, superoxide and NO may combine form peroxynitrite, a more reactive and injurious free radical. 66,67Myocardial antioxidant enzymes, including glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase, are activated in proportion to the degree of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. 377Host antioxidants become depleted after CPB, 378,379presumably as a result of consumption by free radicals. When ROS production exceeds host defense scavenging capacity, cellular injury results. 376,380There is an inverse correlation between preoperative total plasma antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation, the latter of which is directly correlated with indices of myocardial cellular injury. 379Furthermore, post-CPB coronary endothelial dysfunction appears to be partially mediated by ROS. 381Free radical scavengers, such as enzymatic scavengers, antioxidants, and iron chelators, may be potentially useful therapeutic adjuncts to control the deleterious effects of the inflammatory response. 2ff7e9595c
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